Research Interests

• Application of Machine Learning in Biological Sensors: Fruit, Fruit Juice, Serum, ISF, Urine, Blood, and Milk
• UAV (drone): Guidance, Nevigation and Control, Underwater Drone, Precision Agriculture
• Data Driven System Modelling: Deep Learning, Virology, Covid 19
• Fractional Order System: Synthesis and Application: ECG, EEG, Food Safety
• Digital Control Applications: Power Converter, Laser Welding, Incremental Forming

  FoCUS Lab (Dr Adhikary's Research Lab)

Present Members

• Agniv Tapadar, PhD Student,

Research Topic: (1) Fractional Order System: Synthesis and Application: ECG, EEG, Food Safety, (2) Application of Machine Learning in Biological Sensors: Urine and Milk

• Dibakar Roy, MTech-PhD Student,

Research Topic: Application of Machine Learning in Biological Sensors: Fruit and Fruit Juice

• Md Arif Khan, PhD Student,

Research Topic: Control of Underwater drone

• Yogendra Kumar, PhD Student,

Research Topic: Spyrobot control and application

• Satyam Sharma, MTech Student,

Research Topic: (1) Application of Machine Learning in Biological Sensors: Fruit (With mobile image processing) (2) Precision Agriculture

• Abhishek Ojha, MTech Student,

Research Topic: Simultaneous parameter control for reduced MIMO model of a realtime plant

Graduated Members

• Swaninda Ghosh, BTech (Hons) Student, 2023

Thesis: Consensus controlled framework for Multi-agent System and Formation Control in a Multi-agent System

• Rohit Bose, BTech (Hons) Student, 2023

Thesis: Consensus Algorithm for multi-agent system and Flocking Theory

• Harshit Bansal, BTech (Hons), 2021,

Thesis: Optimal Design of a Fractional Order Immittance in the Third Quadrant

• Srishti Sachan, BTech (Hons), 2020

Thesis: Fractional Order Colpitts and Hartlay Oscillator

• Ujjwal Bharadwaj, MTech Student, 2023

Thesis: Design of Optimal FO Controllers for Improvement in Transient and Steady State Response of a Buck Converter

• Aakashdeep Kurre, MTech Student, 2021

Research Topic: Study of Power Converters in Fractional Order Domain

• Kreshnan Dwivedi, MTech Student, 2021

Thesis: Design and Realizetion of OTA based Fractional Order Filters

Research Collaborators

• Prof. Anis Nurashikin Nordin, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, IIU Malaysia

• Dr Suchetan Pal, Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department, IIT Bhilai

• Dr Soumajit Pramanik, Assistant Professor, CSE Department, IIT Bhilai

• Dr Subhajit Siddhanta, Assistant Professor, CSE Department, IIT Bhilai

• Dr Kaushik Bandyopadhyay, Assistant Professor, ME Department, IIT Bhilai

• Dr Purnendu Das, Assistant Professor, ME Department, IIT Bhilai

  Academic Background

• PhD 2018: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
• MTech 2012: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
• BE (Electrical) 2007: Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

  Professional Experience

• Since Sept, 2018: Assistant Professor at Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bhilai, Raipur, India.
• July, 2018-Aug, 2018: Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Fractional Order Filter Design, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
• Oct, 2007-July, 2010: Assistant System Engineer, TATA Consultancy Services, Delta Park, Sector V, Kolkata, India.

  Patent and Publications

Patent

1. A. Adhikary, S. Banerjee, S. Sen and K. Biswas. Two Electrode Impedeometry Based System for Measuring Conductivity of liquid Medium, Application No. 201731041880, Published, May 2019

Book Chapter

1. A. Tapadar, F. A. Khandey, S. Sen, and A. Adhikary. Fractional Calculus in Electronic Circuits: A Review, in Fractional Order Systems: Mathematics, Design, and Applications for Engineers, Part 1, Elsevier, 2021.
2. A. Adhikary. CNT based Fractors in All Four Quadrants: Design, Simulation and Practical Applications, in Fractional Order Systems: Mathematics, Design, and Applications for Engineers, Part 2, Elsevier, 2021.
3. A. Adhikary and, K. Biswas. Four Quadrant Fractors and their Applications in Fractional Order Circuits, in Handbook on Fractional Calculus and Application, Vol. 5, De Gruyter, Jan, 2019.

Journal Papers

1. D. Roy, A. Ali, S. Pal, and A. Adhikary. Impedimetric Hydrogel Sensor for the Identification of Hexose Using Machine Learning, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23 (6), pp. 6272-6281 (2023). Impact factor: 4.325 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: Determination of the type of sugar present in a beverage is one of the key parameter in assessing their nutritious values. This article presents a novel technique of hexose identification using hydrogel sensor in a sugar sample. The hydrogel uses poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (1,4 BDBA) whose boronate ester bonds break down when they come in contact with sugar samples and change the gel impedance. A tree-construct algorithm is proposed to identify the hexose type, irrespective of its concentration from the impedance data of the proposed gel at 20 and 200 kHz. The algorithm includes 22 machine learning (ML) models for 22 different scenarios. The ML models are designed using MATLAB ML classifier toolbox based on 7452 datasets and 414 samples. The proposed algorithm is further validated using 300 test samples, and it is found that the true positive rate (TPR) in identifying fructose, glucose, galactose, and sucrose is 84.3%, 66.3%, 69.7%, and 80.7%, respectively. This indicates that the proposed hydrogel is more reliable for fructose and sucrose identification.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2023.3240750.

2. A. Tapadar, S. Sachan, and A. Adhikary. Complete Design Guidelines for Fractional-Order Colpitts Oscillator with Non-ideal Op-Amp, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 41 (10), pp. 5340-5365 (2022). Impact factor: 2.311 in 2021. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents complete design guidelines for a typical fractional-order Colpitts oscillator (FOCO) with a non-ideal op-amp. These guidel(f_o) are analytically established and an optimal configuration for FOCO is identified. The paper discusses multiple case studies on parametric variation, parameter sensitivities and oscillator stability. The proposed guidelines are validated with LTSpice simulations and practical experimentation along with step-by-step design examples. Practical results are compared with earlier reported FOCO which shows higher frequency and larger amplitude for the designed FOCO at a comparable THD. The proposed guidelines are generic in the sense that they are applicable for any order (including integer order), for any type of fractor realization technique, and also for any active element which has first-order behavioral model.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-022-02045-z.

3. A. Adhikary and A. Pal. A six compartments with time-delay model SHIQRD for the COVID-19 pandemic in India: During lockdown and beyond, Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 61(2), pp. 1403-1412 (2022). Impact factor: 6.626 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: Dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak in India are different from other countries for her huge population and different administrative approaches. This paper presents a six compartments (SHIQRD) model with different time delays between them, to analyse and forecast the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The model introduces separate compartments for ‘home-quarantined’, ‘quarantined infectious’, and ‘undetected infectious’ pertaining to the Indian scenario. It also incorporates incubation time, sample testing time, and recovery window as time delays between blocks. With the proposed model, reproduction number of different phases during lock-down are evaluated. Besides, dynamics of pandemic for the next one year are also explored.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.06.027

4. A. Adhikary, S. Chaudhary, and S. Sen. Optimal Design of a Fractional Order Immittance in the Second Quadrant with Wide CPZ, AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 130, pp. 153567 (2020). Impact factor: 3.169 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents a design technique to realize fractional order (FO) immittance in the second quadrant of the impedance plane, using Bruton’s generalized immittance converter (GIC). Design guidelines are developed based on a sub-optimal analysis of phase error resulted by non-ideal op amps. The analysis takes into account finite open-loop dc gain and finite unity-gain frequency of practical op amps and aim to maximize the constant phase zone for a given phase band specification. The fractance of the realized fractor can also be tuned to a desired value by varying one of the GIC resistances. Several simulations and experimental validations are demonstrated. Also, high Q, FO bandpass filter with wide tuning range is presented as an application of the designed obtuse angle fractor.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153567

5. A. Adhikary. Characterization, Packaging and Application of a Wide CP Zone CNT based Fractor, AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 127, pp. 153441 (2020). Impact factor: 3.169 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents fabrication and characterization of fractors or fractional order (FO) elements with wide constant phase zones (100 mHz – 100 kHz). They are realized with carbon nanotube (CNT) and polyimide composite coated electrodes and ionic gels. A thorough study has been carried out on variations of their electrical parameters with respect to device composition, time and temperature. A hermetically sealed packaging scheme has been developed which has made the fractors readily integrable with PCB as well as helped to achieve an average shelf-life of two years. The phase characteristics of CNT fractors are less ripply and less noisy than their equivalent ladder fractors. A FO resonator and an arbitrary attenuation high pass filter have been designed with the fabricated fractor to demonstrate its applicability in practical analogue circuits.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153441

6. A. Adhikary, A. Shil and, K. Biswas. Realization of Foster Structure-Based Ladder Fractor with Phase Band Specification, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 37, pp. 2272-92 (2019). Impact factor: 2.311 in 2021. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents Foster I and Foster II realizations of fractors using RC ladders while meeting five different specifications together, i.e., exponent, coefficients, upper and lower limits of constant phase zone, and phase band. The work mainly focusses on achieving the specified phase band to circumvent the present limitation of state-of-the-art. A comparison among the proposed algorithm and existing algorithms of fractor realization highlights the benefits of the proposed one. Furthermore, effects of tolerance limits of resistances (R) and capacitances (C) on the values of the fractor parameters are studied via Monte Carlo simulation using PSpice. Based on that, it develops suitable algorithm to choose R and C elements in practice. A set of experimental results are presented at the end to substantiate the presented guidelines and simulation results.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-019-01269-w

7. A. Adhikary, J. Roy, A. Ganeshkumar, S. Banerjee and, K. Biswas. An Impedimetric Cu-Polymer Sensor-Based Conductivity Meter for Precision Agriculture and Aquaculture Applications, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19 (24), pp. 12087-95 (2019). Impact factor: 4.325 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents a two-electrode type conductivity sensor, using copper as electrodes, coated with a polyimide layer called DQN-60. This sensor is specially designed to be robust yet inexpensive for applications like precision farming and fishery. A new conductivity sensing principle is proposed which is based on impedimetric measurement (both magnitude and phase) at a frequency of 200 kHz. This sensing principle is developed by analyzing the electrical equivalent model of the proposed sensor and is aimed at eliminating the effect of the interface impedance and the cell capacitance thus making the measurement linear and accurate. A prototype meter is developed with 3.75% maximum full-scale error in the range of 0.5 microS/cm to 20 mS/cm. The temperature compensation, calibration, and detailed experimental results are also discussed.
   doi: https://10.1109/JSEN.2019.2940159

8. A. Adhikary, S. Choudhury and, S. Sen. Optimal Design for Realizing a Grounded Fractional Order Inductor Using GIC, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 65 (8), pp. 2411-2421 (2018). Impact factor: 4.140 in 2023. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of the optimal design of a grounded fractional order inductor using a generalized impedance converter. The nonidealities of the op amps have been taken into account while formulating the approximate frequency characteristics of the fractional order inductor for both Type-I and Type-II realizations. Based on these formulations a set of design guidelines is proposed to achieve minimum phase and magnitude errors for the realized fractional inductor. The minimization conditions have been validated by several simulation and experimental results.
   doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2017.2787464

9. A. Adhikary, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Design and hardware realization of a tunable fractional-order series resonator with high quality factor, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 36 (9), pp. 3457-3476 (2016). Impact factor: 2.311 in 2021. (Click to read more)

   Abstract: This paper presents the design and realization of a tunable fractional-order series resonator. It is made of an acute-angled capacitive fractor and an obtuse-angled inductive fractor and has theoretically infinite quality factor. This work establishes a relation between resonating frequency and fractor's coefficients, and that makes the tuning of such resonator feasible in practice. Similar work, by same authors, already exists for fractional-order parallel resonator. The present work along with the said parallel resonator completes the study on tunable fractional-order resonator. The fractional-order series resonator, proposed here, is realized in hardware, tuned at various frequencies, and shows very high quality fractor (about 350). The paper also goes through detailed sensitivity analysis of the proposed resonator as well as discusses the practical aspects of proposed tuning in detail.
   doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-016-0469-2

10. A. Adhikary, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Practical realization of tunable fractional order parallel resonator and fractional order filters, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 63 (8), pp. 1142-1151 (2016). Impact factor: 4.140 in 2023. (Click to read more)

    Abstract: This paper introduces a tunable fractional order parallel resonator (FOPR) whose resonating frequency can be tuned by the coefficient of a fractional order (FO) element (fractor). At the same time, its Q-factor can be set very high (theoretically infinite) by varying its resistor. Using this FOPR circuit, two simple FO filters (FO bandpass and FO notch) are also developed. The paper includes detail sensitivity analyses of these circuits for various circuit parameters and describes how different design parameters of proposed FOPR and FO filters are chosen accordingly. Proposed FOPR and FO filters are simulated in MATLAB and realized in hardware. The hardware circuits are tested practically, and detail experimental results are provided. It is found that the experimental data are in good agreement with the simulation data. In hardware, the realized FOPR has achieved a Q-factor up to 360, and the realized FO notch filter.
    doi: 10.1109/TCSI.2016.2568262

11. A. Adhikary, P. Sen, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Design and performance study of dynamic fractors in any of the four quadrants, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 35 (6), pp. 1909-1932 (2015). Impact factor: 2.311 in 2021. (Click to read more)

    Abstract: A fractor is a simple fractional-order system. Its transfer function is 1/Fs^α; the coefficient, F, is called the fractance, and α is called the exponent of the fractor. This paper presents how a fractor can be realized, using RC ladder circuit, meeting the predefined specifications on both F and α. Besides, commonly reported fractors have between 0 and 1. So, their constant phase angles (CPA) are always restricted between 0 and -90 degree. This work has employed GIC topology to realize fractors from any of the four quadrants, which means fractors with between 2 and +2. Hence, one can achieve any desired CPA between -180 degree and +180 degree. The paper also exhibits how these GIC parameters can be used to tune the fractance of emulated fractors in real time, thus realizing dynamic fractors. In this work, a number of fractors are developed as per proposed technique and their impedance characteristics are studied.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-015-0213-3

Review Articles

1. A. Adhikary, M. Khanra, J. Pal and, K. Biswas. Realization of fractional order elements, INAE Letters, vol. 2 (2), pp. 41-47 (2017). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-017-0020-1

Conference Papers

1. D. Roy and A. Adhikary, Detection of Ripenning Stage of Banganapalle mango using KNN method on PCA-reduced EIS data, 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (2023).
2. A. Tapadar and A. Adhikary, Inductor-less FO low-pass notch filter with high Q and high attenuation for ECG signal processing, 2023 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (2023).
3. A. Tapadar and A. Adhikary, Optimal Position of Fractional Order Inductor in Fractional Order Hartley Oscillator, 2022 International Conference on Futuristic Technologies (INCOFT), Belgum, India, pp. 1-4 (2022). doi: 10.1109/INCOFT55651.2022.10094388
4. A. Adhikary and D. Roy. Fractional Order Parameter Estimation from the Nyquist Plots with Two Distinct Lobes, 2020 IEEE First International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T), Raipur, India, pp. 250-255 (2020). doi: 10.1109/ICPC2T48082.2020.9071455
5. A. Adhikary, J. Roy and, K. Biswas. Performance study of a two-electrode type aqueous conductivity sensor for smart farming, 2019 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 1-6 (2019). doi: 10.1109/I2MTC.2019.8826887
6. A. Adhikary, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Realization and study of a fractional order resonator using an obtuse angle fractor, 2016 IEEE Students' Technology Symposium (TechSym), Kharagpur, India, pp. 120-125 (2016). doi: 10.1109/TechSym.2016.7872667
7. A. Adhikary, G Kumar, S Banerjee, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Modelling and performance improvement of phase-angle-based conductivity sensor, 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Control, Measurement and Instrumentation (CMI), Kolkata, India, pp. 403-407 (2016). doi: 10.1109/CMI.2016.7413779
8. A. Adhikary, M. Khanra, S. Sen and, K. Biswas. Realization of a carbon nanotube based electrochemical fractor, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 2329-2332 (2015). doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2015.7169150
9. A. Adhikary, M. Khanra and, K. Biswas. Design of FPGA based digital controller for 2nd and higher order systems, 2012 Students Conference on Engineering and Systems (SCES), Allahabad, India, pp. 1-5 (2012). doi: 10.1109/SCES.2012.6199059

  Ongoing Project

• Project Title: "Capacity building for Human Resource Development in Unmanned Aircraft System (Drone and related Technology)” Work Theme : GNC Algorithm
• Chief Investigator: A. Adhikary, Co-Chief Investigator: S. Pramanik
• Funding Agency: MeitY
• Project Employment: 1 Project Lead, 2 Project Associate
• Project Lead: Dr. Chiranjib Ghosh
• Project News: Organized 3 bootcamps in March 2023 on UAV: Guidance, Nevigation and Control

  Courses Designed and Taught

• EEL603: Optimal Control (PG, UG)
• EEL602: Advanced Sensing Thechnique (PG, UG)
• EEL601: Advanced Control Theory (PG, UG)
• EEP502: Sensor and Instrumentation Lab (PG)
• EEP501: Control Systenms Lab (PG)
• EEL302: Digital Control (UG)
• EEP308: Control Lab (UG)
• EEP307: Instrumentation Lab (UG)
• EEP304: Sensor Lab (UG)
• EEL208: Sensor and Instrumentation (UG)
• EEL205: Control Systems (UG)
• EEL201: Circuits and Systems (UG)
• MT554: Optimal Contril for Aerial System (PG, UG)

  Major Institutional Responsibilities

• Academic Coordinator: Mechatronics Engineering Discipline (since Feb 2022)
• DPGC Convenor, EE Dept (since Jun 2023)
• Member, Institute Curriculum Relooking Committee (since Jan 2023)

  Past Responsibilities

• Faculty In-charge: Electrical Engineering Lab (Jan 2021-Jun 2023)
• Member: Purchase Committee, Dept. EECS (Jan 2021-Jun 2023)
• Member: DUGC, EECS Dept. (Aug 2020-Mar 2023)
• Member: Central Instrumentation Facilities (May 2021-Jan 2023)
• Faculty In-charge: IIT Bhilai Website (Jan 2019-Jun 2020)
• Faculty In-charge: Newsletters, and Annual reports (Jan 2019-Jun 2020)

  Awards and Accolades

• Nominated by the Academic Council, SSTC, Bhilai, as the Member in Board of Studies, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, of SSTC, Bhilai, 2021.
• Received the 'Certificated of Apprciation' in the final round of IEEE IS & M - Student Contest held in IEEE I2MTC May 12-15 2018, Houston, TX, USA.
• Received the 'Best Researcher Award' for 2017, in the specialization of 'Instrumentation and Signal Processing', Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India.
• Received the 'Best Paper Award' in the track 'MEMS, Electron Device and Sensor' in IEEE TechSym 2016, Kharagpur, India.
• Achieved All India GATE Rank 22 in the GATE-2010 (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) in Electrical Engineering.

  Invited Talks

• Delivered an expert talk in the National seminar on "Advances in Scientific and Industrial Instrumentation-2021" (ASCII-2021), Mar 24-25, 2021, organized by the Department of Instrumentation, Cochin University of Science and Technology – CUSAT on the topic, Application of Fractal Calculus in designing Chemical Sensor.
• Invited as the Keynote Speaker in BITCON-2020, a national level conference on “New Horizons in Electronics Engineering to Combat Current Challenges”, organized by Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, on Nov 20, 2020. Lecture topic: ‘Emergence of Fractional Calculus in Electronics and Controls’.
• Invited as an expert speaker for a ATAL Faculty Development Program to be held by the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg on the topic “Smart Sensors in Control System Applications” from Nov 2-6, 2020.
• Delivered an expert talk in the short term training program (STTP) on Recent Trends in Instrumentation Engineering during Sep 7- 11, 2020, held by Electrical Engg. Dept., NIT Uttarakhand. Topic: Smart sensor design for precision Agriculture.
• Invited to present a lecture on topic, 'Application of Four-Quadrant Fractors' in the 'FOS' 20', an workshop on fractional order system, held at IIT Kharagpur, Feb 18-22 2020.
• Invited to present a lecture on topic, 'Fractional Order Control in Power Electronics' in a seminar on Power Electronics nand Modern Drives, held at NIT Raipur, Nov 2019.
• Invited to present a lecture on topic, 'Design and Realizatiion of the Four-Quadrant Fractors' in the 'FOSTA 19', an workshop on fractional order system, held at NIT Silchar, Aug 15-20 2019.
• Invited to present a lecture on topic, 'Design and Realizatiion of the Four-Quadrant Fractors' in the 'FOS' 18', an workshop on fractional order system, held at IIT Kharagpur, Feb 16-20 2018